Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Kusintha kwathunthu kuchokera ku miyambo yakale ya fodya kupita ku ndudu zamakono zokulungidwa

Ndudu zokulungidwa ndi pepala zomwe anthu amakono amazidziwa sizinalipo kuyambira pachiyambi. M'malo mwake, pang'onopang'ono zinayamba kuonekera pambuyo pa zaka masauzande ambiri za miyambo yogwiritsa ntchito fodya, zatsopano zaukadaulo, kusintha kwa mafakitale, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito fodya kunayamba zaka masauzande ambiri, "ndudu zamakono" zenizeni zinapangidwa pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa makina opanga ndudu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza chiyambi cha fodya, pofufuza mwadongosolo kusintha kwathunthu kwa ndudu kuchokera ku zinthu zakale kupita ku zinthu zamakampani.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Yankho Lachidule: Kodi ndudu zinapangidwa liti kwenikweni?

Ngati titatanthauzira "ndudu zamakono" ngati zopangidwa ndi makina, zokulungidwa papepala, zofanana, zokhazikika, komanso zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nsonga zosefera, kubadwa kwawo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi yeniyeni: Mu 1880, wopanga zinthu wa ku America James A. Bonsack adapanga bwino makina oyamba opangira ndudu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kupanga ndudu zazikulu kwambiri m'mafakitale.

Komabe, poyang'ana m'mbuyo m'mbiri, kugwiritsa ntchito fodya kwa anthu kunayamba kale ndudu zamakono zisanayambe, zomwe zinasintha m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo miyambo yachipembedzo, mapaipi, ndudu, ndi fodya wosuta fodya. Chifukwa chake, "Kodi ndudu zinapangidwa liti?" zafotokozedwa molondola ngati funso loti anthu ambiri asinthe zinthu.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Kodi kwenikweni anthu ankasuta chiyani asanasute ndudu?

Ndudu zisanayambe kusuta, anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito fodya mosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Anthu a ku America ndiwo ankagwiritsa ntchito fodya moyambirira, akupuma ndi kutafuna masamba a fodya m'maphwando achipembedzo, m'malo azachipatala, komanso m'misonkhano—miyambo yomwe inayamba zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo. Panthawiyo, fodya ankalemekezedwa ngati chomera chopatulika, chomwe chinkakhulupirira kuti chingathandize kulankhulana ndi mizimu kapena kuchiritsa matenda.

Pambuyo pa Nthawi Yopezeka M'zaka za m'ma 1500, atsamunda aku Europe adabweretsa fodya ku Europe, zomwe zidayambitsa kufalikira mwachangu kwa njira zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito monga mapaipi, fodya wosuta fodya, ndi ndudu. "Kusuta fodya" munthawi imeneyo kunali kofanana ndi "kusuta fodya kudzera mu chitoliro," pomwe ndudu zopindidwa ndi mapepala sizinalipo. Chifukwa chake, ngati wina afunsa kuti, "Kodi anthu ku Ulaya wakale ankasuta fodya?" yankho ndi lakuti: mwina ayi, chifukwa fodya anali asanafike ku Europe panthawiyo.

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1700 ndi 1800, fodya wosuta fodya, mapaipi, ndi ndudu zinakhala mitundu yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito fodya, pomwe ndudu wamba zinayambanso kuonekera panthawiyi.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Chiyambi cha Ndudu: Kuchokera ku Mapepala a Asilikali mpaka ku "Ndudu" Yeniyeni

Ndudu zoyambirira zokulungidwa ndi mapepala zinachokera ku Spain ndi France. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1700 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, asilikali a ku Spain nthawi zambiri ankakulungidwa zidutswa za fodya zotsala m'mapepala odulidwa kapena mapepala opyapyala. Mapepala osavuta awa amaonedwa kuti ndi omwe anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndudu. Asilikali a ku France anatsatira zomwezo posakhalitsa, ndipo mawu oti "ndudu" anatchuka kwambiri panthawi ya Nkhondo ya Crimea.

Pa nthawiyi, ndudu zinakhalabe zopangidwa ndi manja, sizinali zokhazikika pa mtundu, zinali zochepa popanga, komanso zinali zovuta kuzitchukitsa. Ochepa okha ndi omwe ankasuta "fodya wa munthu wosauka" uyu, pomwe ndudu ndi mapaipi zinali zosankha zazikulu kwa anthu olemera komanso apakati.

Chifukwa chake, ngakhale sitinganene motsimikiza kuti "ndani anasuta ndudu yoyamba," n'zoonekeratu kuti ndudu zoyambirira zokulungidwa papepala mwina zinachokera ku mwambo wa fodya wa ku Spain wopangidwa ndi manja ndipo zinafalikira ku Ulaya konse kudzera mwa asilikali.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Ndudu yamakono inayambadi mu 1880: Makina osuta anasintha chilichonse

Chochitika chofunika kwambiri chomwe chinasintha tsogolo la ndudu chinachitika mu 1880. Kupanga makina a ndudu kwa James Bonsack kunkatha kupanga ndudu mazana ambiri pamphindi, pomwe makina opukutira ndudu ankatha kupanga ndudu mazana ochepa patsiku. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku kwa mphamvu zopangira kunasintha ndudu mwachangu kukhala chinthu chotsika mtengo komanso chopezeka mosavuta chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri.

Banja la American Duke linagwirizana mwachangu ndi Bonsac, ndikukhazikitsa mafakitale akuluakulu a ndudu omwe adagonjetsa msika waku US kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Pambuyo pake, mitundu ya ndudu inafalikira ngati bowa mvula itatha, zomwe zinasintha ndudu kukhala chinthu chogulitsidwa kwambiri pamsika.

Pambuyo pa 1880, ndudu zinalowadi mu "nthawi yamakono."

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Kusintha Kwambiri kwa Ndudu: Zosefera, Menthol, Ndudu Zopepuka, ndi Ndudu Zamagetsi

Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa mafakitale ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, zinthu zopangidwa ndi ndudu zinasinthidwa mosalekeza. Ndudu zokhala ndi ma fyuluta zinayamba kuonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndipo zinatchuka kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Makampani adalimbikitsa ukadaulo wa fyuluta kuti ndi "wathanzi" komanso "woyera," ngakhale kuti zonena izi pambuyo pake zidatsimikizika kuti sizinali zoona.

Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, ndudu za menthol, ndudu zopepuka, ndi ndudu zazitali kwambiri zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe anthu amakonda. Kulowa m'zaka za m'ma 2000, ndudu zamagetsi ndi fodya wosatentha zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zina zatsopano, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chizolowezi chosuta fodya chikhale chatsopano.

Kodi anthu onse ankasuta kale? Chikhalidwe cha kusuta chinasiyana kwambiri m'nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Anthu nthawi zambiri amafunsa kuti: “Kodi aliyense ankasuta fodya m’zaka za m’ma 1920?” kapena “Kodi kusuta fodya kunali kofala kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 1940?”

Zoona zake n'zakuti kuchuluka kwa anthu osuta fodya kunali kwakukulu panthawiyi, makamaka ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Akatswiri otchuka ku Hollywood, zotsatsa mafashoni, ndi chakudya cha asilikali zonse zinalimbikitsa kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu osuta fodya. Komabe, lingaliro lakuti “aliyense amasuta fodya” ndi kukokomeza—kuchuluka kwa anthu osuta fodya akuluakulu m'mayiko ambiri kunali pafupifupi 40%, osati 100%.

Kusuta fodya kwa akazi a nthawi ya Victorian kunkaonedwa ngati kosayenera, ndipo kunayamba kufala kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1900 zokha. Anthu akale monga mafumu a ku Britain nawonso ankadziwika kuti ndi osuta fodya, ndipo ena akadali anthu odziwika bwino mpaka pano.

Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa anthu osuta fodya kwatsika, ngakhale kuti mayiko ena ndi achinyamata akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri akubwereranso kudziko lawo chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo, chikhalidwe cha anthu pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, malonda a pa intaneti, ndi mafashoni.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Kuchokera ku "Chowonjezera pa Thanzi" kupita ku Vuto la Thanzi: Kuyamba kwa Chidziwitso ndi Malamulo a Kuopsa kwa Ndudu

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, ndudu zinkalengezedwa kuti ndi "zothandiza pa thanzi," ndipo mitundu ina inkanena kuti "imachiritsa zilonda za pakhosi." Sizinali mpaka m'ma 1950, pamene kafukufuku wa sayansi anayamba kutsimikizira bwino kuti ndudu ndi khansa ya m'mapapo zimagwirizana kwambiri, ndipo dziko lonse linayamba kuwunikanso kuopsa kwa kusuta fodya. Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1960, mayiko pang'onopang'ono anayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kutsatsa fodya, machenjezo okhudza thanzi pa phukusi, kukweza misonkho ya fodya, ndi ziletso pa kusuta fodya m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la UK loletsa kusuta fodya m'malo ogulitsira mowa lomwe linaperekedwa mu 2007 linasintha kwambiri ulendo wa ku Ulaya wopita ku malo opezeka anthu ambiri opanda utsi.

Pamene malamulo ankapita patsogolo, ma CD a ndudu adasintha kwambiri—kuchoka pa chithunzi cha kampani kupita ku machenjezo azaumoyo, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma CD wamba m'maiko ena.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Kusintha kwa Maphukusi a Ndudu: Kuchokera ku Mapepala Osavuta Kufika ku Nthawi Yatsopano ya Makatoni Okhazikika

Ndudu zoyambirira nthawi zambiri zinkapakidwa m'mapepala osavuta okulungidwa kapena m'zitini zachitsulo, zomwe zinkagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Pamene ndudu zotsogola zinkayamba kutchuka, makampani anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala okonzedwa bwino kuti azitha kuzindikirika. Makatoni olimba komanso ang'onoang'ono ankateteza ndudu pamene ankazinyamula mosavuta, ndipo mapangidwe awo osindikizidwa anakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri pampikisano wa makampani.

Pambuyo pake, malamulo azaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi adalamula kuti pakhale machenjezo akuluakulu komanso zolemba pa ma phukusi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale muyezo komanso kufanana kwa kapangidwe ka ndudu.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, malamulo okhudza chilengedwe m'maiko ena amafuna kuti pulasitiki igwiritsidwe ntchito pang'ono, zomwe zapangitsa makampani opanga fodya kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala obwezerezedwanso komanso njira zopangira zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe. Monga katswiri wopanga mapepala, Fuliter amagwirizana ndi izi popereka mayankho okhazikika, apamwamba, komanso osinthika pamabokosi a mapepala a chakudya, fodya, ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana a FMCG.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Nkhani Zakale: Zolemba Zodabwitsa ndi Nkhani Zoona/Zabodza Zokhudza Ndudu

Mbiri yakale ili ndi nkhani zodabwitsa zokhudza ndudu, monga nkhani yakuti “ndani anasuta ndudu 800 nthawi imodzi?”—zambiri mwa izo zimakhala ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi kapena zokokomeza. Nkhani monga “wosuta wakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi” nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusokeretsa anthu—kwenikweni, kukhalapo kwa osuta ochepa omwe akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali sikusintha mgwirizano wa sayansi wakuti kusuta kuli ndi zoopsa zazikulu pa thanzi.

Ngakhale kuti nkhani zoterezi sizili ndi umboni wa sayansi, zimasonyeza chikhalidwe chapadera cha fodya ndipo zimasonyeza chidwi cha anthu komanso mkangano wokhudza fodyayo.

Kodi Ndudu Zinapangidwa Liti?Chidule: Kusintha Konse kwa Ndudu—Kuyambira Zinthu Zakale za Mwambo Kupita ku Zinthu Zamakono Zokangana

Kuwunikanso mbiri ya ndudu kukuwonetsa kuti sizinakhalepo chinthu chokhazikika. M'malo mwake, zakhala zikusintha mosalekeza pamodzi ndi kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe, zatsopano zaukadaulo, nkhondo, malonda, ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi. Kuyambira zomera zopatulika ku America wakale mpaka ndudu zopindidwa ndi manja za asilikali a m'zaka za m'ma 1800, kusintha kwa mafakitale komwe kunabwera ndi makina osuta ndudu a Bonsack, komanso chitukuko chotsatira cha nsonga zosefera, ndudu zopepuka, ndudu za menthol, ndi ndudu zamakono zamagetsi, njira za anthu zogwiritsira ntchito fodya zasintha nthawi zonse.

Kumvetsetsa mbiri ya ndudu sikuti kumangowunikira momwe zimakhudzira chikhalidwe chawo padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukuwonetsa kufunika kwakukulu kwa zoopsa zaumoyo ndi malamulo. M'makampani opanga ma CD amakono, ma CD okha akhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri mu gawo la fodya—kuyambira kusankha zinthu ndi kapangidwe ka zosindikizidwa mpaka machenjezo azaumoyo ndi njira zopezera chitetezo.

Ngati mukufuna zambiri zokhudza mapepala okhazikika, mabokosi azakudya, kapena zinthu zina zokhudzana nazo, onani kabukhu ka zinthu ka Fuliter. Timapereka njira zabwino kwambiri zomangira mapepala mogwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Ma tag: #bokosi lopangira zinthu mwamakonda #bokosi la phukusi #bokosi lopangira zinthu zokongola kwambiri