Kugwiritsa ntchito fodya kukupitilira kukhala chifukwa chachikulu cha matenda ndi imfa zomwe zingapewedwe ku Canada. Mu 2017, anthu opitilira 47,000 anamwalira chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito fodya ku Canada, ndipo ndalama zokwana $6.1 biliyoni zogulira chithandizo chamankhwala mwachindunji ndi $12.3 biliyoni zonse zidagwiritsidwa ntchito.1 Mu Novembala 2019, malamulo osavuta opakirira zinthu za fodya adayamba kugwira ntchito ngati gawo la Ndondomeko ya Fodya ku Canada, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito fodya osakwana 5% pofika chaka cha 2035.
Mapaketi osavuta avomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika mu Julayi 2020, osavutaCanadaphukusi la nduduyakhazikitsidwa mokwanira pamlingo wa opanga ndi ogulitsa m'maiko 14: Australia (2012); France ndi United Kingdom (2017); New Zealand, Norway, ndi Ireland (2018); Uruguay, ndi Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, ndi Slovenia (Januware 2020); Canada (February 2020); ndi Singapore (Julayi 2020). Pofika Januware 2022, Belgium, Hungary, ndi Netherlands zidzakhala zitakhazikitsa kwathunthu ma phukusi wamba.
Lipotili likufotokoza mwachidule umboni wochokera ku International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project wokhudza momwe ma phukusi wamba amagwirira ntchito ku Canada. Kuyambira mu 2002, ITC Project yachita kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali m'maiko 29 kuti iwunike momwe mfundo zazikulu zowongolera fodya za World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) zimakhudzira. Lipotili likuwonetsa zomwe zapezeka pa momwe ma phukusi wamba amakhudzira ku Canada kutengera deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa akuluakulu osuta fodya isanafike (2018) komanso pambuyo pa (2020) kuyambitsa ma phukusi wamba.Canadaphukusi la nduduDeta yochokera ku Canada imaperekedwanso mogwirizana ndi deta yochokera kumayiko ena okwana 25 a ITC Project — kuphatikizapo Australia, England, France, ndi New Zealand, komwe ma phukusi wamba agwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Mapaketi osavuta anachepetsa kwambiri kukongola kwa mapaketi — 45% ya osuta fodya sanakonde mawonekedwe a mapaketi awo a ndudu pambuyo pa mawonekedwe osavuta.Canada phukusi la nduduidayambitsidwa, poyerekeza ndi 29% isanafike lamulo Unlik Lipotili linakonzedwa ndi ITC Project ku University of Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, ndi Geoffrey T. Fong. Tikuyamikira ndemanga kuchokera kwa Cynthia Callard, Madokotala a Canada yopanda Utsi; Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; ndi Francis Thompson, HealthBridge pa zolemba za lipotili. Kapangidwe ka zithunzi ndi kapangidwe kake kanaperekedwa ndi Sonya Lyon wa Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Zikomo kwa Brigitte Meloche chifukwa chopereka ntchito zomasulira Chifalansa; ndi kwa Nadia Martin, ITC Project yowunikira ndi kusintha kumasulira Chifalansa. Ndalama zothandizira lipotili zinaperekedwa ndi Health Canada's Substance Use and Addictions Program (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. Malingaliro omwe aperekedwa pano sakuyimira kwenikweni malingaliro a Health Canada.
Kafukufuku wa ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey adathandizidwa ndi ndalama zothandizira kuchokera ku US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), ndi National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451). Chithandizo china chaperekedwa kwa Geoffrey T. Fong ndi Senior Investigator Grant kuchokera ku Ontario Institute for Cancer Research.
Ulamuliro wolamulira wa kulongedza fodya wamba (womwe umadziwikanso kuti kulongedza kokhazikika) waperekedwa motsatira Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA)4, womwe unasinthidwa pa Meyi 23, 2018 ngati njira yovomerezeka yochepetsera vuto lalikulu la imfa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi fodya ku Canada.Canadaphukusi la nduduCholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kukongola kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi fodya ndipo chinayambitsidwa pansi pa Malamulo a Zogulitsa Fodya a 2019 (Maonekedwe Osavuta ndi Okhazikika)5 ngati imodzi mwa mfundo zambiri zothandizira kukwaniritsa cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito fodya osakwana 5% pofika chaka cha 2035 pansi pa Ndondomeko ya Fodya ya ku Canada.
Malamulowa amagwira ntchito pokonza zinthu zonse za fodya, kuphatikizapo ndudu zopangidwa, kukulunga zinthu zanu (fodya wotayirira, machubu ndi mapepala okulungira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi fodya), ndudu ndi ndudu zazing'ono, fodya wapaipi, fodya wopanda utsi, ndi zinthu za fodya wotenthedwa. Ndudu zamagetsi/zopangidwa ndi vaping sizikuphimbidwa ndi malamulo awa, chifukwa sizimayikidwa m'gulu la zinthu za fodya pansi pa TVPA.
4 Mapaketi osavuta a ndudu, ndudu zazing'ono, zinthu zopangidwa ndi fodya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipangizo, ndi zinthu zina zonse za fodya zinayamba kugwira ntchito pamlingo wa wopanga/wogula zinthu pa Novembala 9, 2019, ndi nthawi yosinthira ya masiku 90 kuti ogulitsa fodya azitsatira pofika pa February 7, 2020. Mapaketi osavuta a ndudu anayamba kugwira ntchito pamlingo wa wopanga/wogula zinthu pa Novembala 9, 2020, ndi nthawi yosinthira ya masiku 180 kuti ogulitsa fodya azitsatira pofika pa May 8, 2021.5, 8
Canada phukusi la nduduMalamulo atchulidwa kuti ndi ofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, poika zitsanzo zingapo padziko lonse lapansi (onani Bokosi 1). Maphukusi onse a fodya ayenera kukhala ndi mtundu wofiirira, wopanda mawonekedwe apadera komanso okongola, komanso kuwonetsedwa kwa mawu ololedwa pamalo oyenera, zilembo, mtundu, ndi kukula. Ndodo za ndudu siziyenera kupitirira miyeso yodziwika bwino ya m'lifupi ndi kutalika; zikhale ndi chizindikiro chilichonse; ndipo kumapeto kwa fyuluta kuyenera kukhala kosalala ndipo sikungakhale ndi malo obisika.Canada phukusi la nduduidzasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe a slide ndi shell pamlingo wa wopanga/wotumiza katundu kuyambira pa Novembala 9, 2021 (ogulitsa ali ndi mpaka February 7, 2022 kuti atsatire), motero akuletsa mapaketi okhala ndi kutsegula kwa flip top. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa phukusi la slide ndi shell ndi losavutaCanada phukusi la ndudu komwe uthenga wokhudza thanzi umawululidwa kumbuyo kwa phukusi lamkati paketi ikatsegulidwa. Canada ndi dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi kufuna kulongedza zinthu zojambulidwa ndi zipolopolo NDIPO linali loyamba kufuna kulongedza zinthu zokhudzana ndi thanzi lamkati.
Canadaphukusi la nduduMalamulo ndi amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo oyamba ku:
• Letsani kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo zamitundu m'maina onse amitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana
• Muyenera kuyika mawonekedwe a phukusi la slide ndi chipolopolo cha ndudu
• Mufunika mtundu wofiirira wa bulauni mkati mwa phukusi.
• Letsani kusuta fodya kwa nthawi yoposa 85mm
• Letsani ndudu zoonda zosakwana 7.65mm m'mimba mwake
Zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo osavuta a Canada opaka zinthu
Canada sinakhazikitse machenjezo atsopano komanso akuluakulu okhudza thanzi (PHWs) pa mapaketi a ndudu pamodzi ndi malamulo osavuta oyikapo, monga momwe mayiko ena kuphatikizapo Australia, United Kingdom, France, ndi New Zealand amafunira. Komabe,Phukusi la ndudu ku Canadamachenjezo (75% ya kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo) adzakhala akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya malo onse pamene mawonekedwe ofunikira a slide ndi chipolopolo adzayamba kugwira ntchito mu Novembala 2021. Health Canada ikumaliza mapulani okhazikitsa machenjezo angapo atsopano azaumoyo pazinthu za fodya zomwe zidzafunika kuzungulira pakapita nthawi inayake.9 Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa nthawi yokonzekera kulongedza zinthu ku Canada mogwirizana ndi kafukufuku wa ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping, womwe umapereka deta ya lipotili.
Lipotili likuwonetsa deta kuchokera ku ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey isanayambe komanso itatha kukhazikitsidwa mokwanira pamlingo wogulitsa pa February 7, 2020. ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, gawo la ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, yomwe idachitikanso limodzi ndi kafukufuku wamagulu ku United States, Australia, ndi England, ndi kafukufuku wamagulu omwe adachitika pakati pa akuluakulu osuta fodya ndi osuta fodya omwe adasankhidwa kuchokera ku mawebusayiti adziko lonse m'dziko lililonse. Kafukufuku wa pa intaneti wa mphindi 45 adaphatikizapo mafunso omwe anali okhudzana ndi kuwunika kwa ma phukusi wamba, omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ITC Project poyesa ma phukusi wamba ku Australia, England, New Zealand, ndi France. Kafukufuku wa ITC Canada wokhudza Kusuta ndi Kutulutsa Ndudu kunachitika pakati pa anthu 4600 osuta fodya omwe adamaliza kafukufuku wawo mu 2018 (asanapakeke bwino), 2020 (atatha kupakidwa bwino), kapena m'zaka zonse ziwiri. Deta ya nthawi yayitali kuchokera ku Canada imayerekezeredwa ndi deta yochokera kumayiko ena awiri a ITC (Australia ndi United States) komwe kafukufuku wofanana adachitika nthawi yomweyo, ndipo amasiyana malinga ndi momwe malamulo awo opaka fodya amakhalira komanso zofunikira pakusintha kwa ma PHW (onani Gome 1). Makhalidwe a omwe adayankha kafukufukuyu ku Canada, Australia, ndi United States afotokozedwa mwachidule mu Gome 2. Lipotilo likuwonetsanso kufananiza kwa deta yochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana pa njira zotsatizana zokhuza zotsatira za mfundo ku Canada ndi mayiko ena 25 a ITC.
Tsatanetsatane wonse wokhudza njira zopezera zitsanzo ndi kafukufuku m'dziko lililonse waperekedwa mu kafukufuku wa ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
malipoti aukadaulo, omwe akupezeka pa:https://itcproject.org/methods/
ITC Project yatulutsa kale malipoti okhudza momwe ma CD opangidwa mwachisawawa amakhudzira ku New Zealand ndi England. Mapepala asayansi amtsogolo a ITC adzapereka kusanthula kwakukulu kwa momwe ma CD opangidwa mwachisawawa amakhudzira ku Canada ndi mayiko ena, komanso kufananiza momwe mfundo zimakhudzira mayiko onse a ITC omwe akhazikitsa ma CD opangidwa mwachisawawa.Canadaphukusi la ndudu.Kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa zotsatira zomwe zanenedwa ku Canada m'mapepala asayansi omwe akubwera ndi zotsatira zomwe zanenedwa m'chikalatachi ndi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zosinthira ziwerengero, koma sizisintha mawonekedwe onse a zomwe zapezeka. ii.
Zotsatira za 2020 za ku Canada zomwe zaperekedwa mu ziwerengero za mayiko osiyanasiyana zitha kusiyana pang'ono ndi zotsatira za 2020 mu ziwerengero za nthawi yayitali zomwe zaperekedwa mu lipotili chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zosinthira ziwerengero za mtundu uliwonse wa kusanthula.
Pa nthawi yomwe ma phukusi a pambuyo pa plain ankayesedwa ku Canada, ma phukusi ambiri osavuta m'masitolo anali mu flip top, ndipo mawonekedwe a slide ndi shell analipo kwa mitundu yochepa chabe. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu za ma phukusi osavuta ndi kuchepetsa kukongola ndi kukongola kwa zinthu za fodya.
Kafukufuku wochitidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana wasonyeza kuti mapaketi a ndudu wamba sakopa kwambiri osuta kuposa mapaketi okhala ndi dzina lodziwika bwino.12-16
Kafukufuku wa ITC adawonetsa kuti panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha osuta fodya aku Canada omwe adapeza kuti phukusi lawo la ndudu "silikukopa konse" pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa Canadaphukusi la ndudu.Kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kukopa kumeneku kunali kosiyana ndi mayiko ena awiri ofanana—Australia ndi US—komwe panalibe kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha osuta omwe anapeza kuti phukusi lawo la ndudu “silikukopa konse”.
Panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha osuta omwe anati sakonda mawonekedwe a phukusi lawo la ndudu atakhazikitsa ma phukusi wamba ku Canada (kuchokera pa 29% mu 2018 mpaka 45% mu 2020). Kukopa kwa phukusi kunali kotsika kwambiri ku Australia (komwe ma phukusi wamba adakhazikitsidwa pamodzi ndi ma PHW akuluakulu mu 2012), ndipo osuta oposa awiri mwa atatu adanena kuti sanakonde mawonekedwe a phukusi lawo mu 2018 (71%) ndi 2020 (69%). Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chiwerengero cha osuta omwe adati sakonda mawonekedwe a phukusi lawo chakhala chotsika ku US (9% mu 2018 ndi 12% mu 2020), komwe machenjezo ndi olembedwa okha ndipo ma phukusi wamba sanagwiritsidwe ntchito (onani Chithunzi 3).
Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezeka kale mu ITC Project zomwe zikusonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha osuta omwe sanakonde mawonekedwe a paketi yawo atakhazikitsa ma paketi osavuta ku Australia (kuchokera pa 44% mu 2012 mpaka 82% mu 2013)17, New Zealand (kuchokera pa 50% mu 2016-17 mpaka 75% mu 2018)18, ndi England (kuchokera pa 16% mu 2016 mpaka 53% mu 2018).19
Zomwe zapezeka pano zikuwonjezeranso umboni wochokera ku maphunziro ofalitsidwa omwe akuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kukopa kwa mapaketi pambuyo pokhazikitsa ma phukusi wamba okhala ndi ma PHW akuluakulu ku Australia20, 21 ndi zotsatira zabwino zaCanadaphukusi la ndudupa kuchepetsa kukopa kwa phukusi mobwerezabwereza, kuwonjezera kukula kwa ma PHW ku England.22
Kafukufuku wina waposachedwa wofufuza momwe ma phukusi wamba amakhudzira ku United Kingdom ndi Norway pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeserera za ITC zikupereka umboni wina woti kugwiritsa ntchito ma phukusi wamba pamodzi ndi ma PHW atsopano akuluakulu kumawonjezera mphamvu ya machenjezo ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kuposa zomwe zingatheke pokhazikitsa ma phukusi wamba popanda kusintha machenjezo azaumoyo. Asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ma phukusi wamba, mayiko onsewa anali ndi machenjezo ofanana azaumoyo pamaphukusi a ndudu (43% chenjezo la mawu kutsogolo, 53% PHW kumbuyo).
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa ma phukusi wamba pamodzi ndi ma PHW atsopano akuluakulu (65% ya kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo) ku United Kingdom, panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa osuta omwe amazindikira, kuwerenga, ndi kuganizira za machenjezo, kuganizira za zoopsa zaumoyo za kusuta, makhalidwe opewera, kusiya kusuta, komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wosiya chifukwa cha machenjezowo.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, panali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuzindikira, kuwerenga, ndi kuyang'ana mosamala machenjezo, kuganizira za zoopsa za kusuta fodya pa thanzi, komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wosiya chifukwa cha machenjezo pakati pa osuta fodya ku Norway, komwe kuyikapo zinthu zopanda pake kunagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kusintha kulikonse pa machenjezo okhudza thanzi.23 Zotsatira zosiyana zomwe zawonedwa ku United Kingdom poyerekeza ndi Norway zikusonyeza kutiCanada phukusi la ndudukumawonjezera mphamvu ya machenjezo akuluakulu atsopano, koma sikungawonjezere mphamvu ya machenjezo akale/zithunzi
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-15-2024