Kusuta fodya kukupitirizabe kukhala chomwe chimayambitsa matenda otetezedwa ndi imfa ku Canada. Mu 2017, anthu opitilira 47,000 afa chifukwa chosuta fodya ku Canada, ndipo pafupifupi $ 6.1 biliyoni pamitengo yachindunji yaumoyo ndi $ 12.3 biliyoni pamitengo yonse.
Kupaka kwapang'onopang'ono kwavomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika pa Julayi 2020, zikomoCanadakunyamula nduduyakhala ikukwaniritsidwa pamlingo wa opanga ndi ogulitsa m'maiko 14: Australia(2012); France ndi United Kingdom (2017); New Zealand, Norway, ndi Ireland (2018); Uruguay, ndi Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, ndi Slovenia (Januware 2020); Canada (February 2020); ndi Singapore (Julayi 2020). Pofika Januware 2022, Belgium, Hungary, ndi Netherlands adzakhala atakhazikitsa kwathunthu kuyika zinthu.
Lipotili likufotokoza mwachidule umboni wochokera ku International Tobacco Control Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project wokhudzana ndi kagwiridwe kake kakunyamula zinthu ku Canada. Kuyambira mchaka cha 2002, ITC Project yakhala ikuchita kafukufuku wamagulu akutali m'maiko 29 kuti awone zotsatira za mfundo zazikuluzikulu zowongolera fodya za World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Lipotili likupereka zomwe zapezedwa pazovuta za kulongedza zinthu ku Canada kutengera zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa osuta achikulire (2018) komanso pambuyo (2020) kukhazikitsidwa kwa plain.Canadakunyamula ndudu. Zambiri zochokera ku Canada zimaperekedwanso molingana ndi zomwe zachokera kumayiko ena 25 a ITC Project - kuphatikiza Australia, England, France, ndi New Zealand, komwe kuyika kwapang'onopang'ono kwakhazikitsidwanso.
Kupaka kwapang'onopang'ono kunachepetsa chidwi cha paketi - 45% ya osuta sanakonde mawonekedwe a paketi yawo ya nduduCanada kunyamula nduduinayambitsidwa, poyerekeza ndi 29% pamaso pa lamulo losafanana Lipotili linakonzedwa ndi ITC Project ku yunivesite ya Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, ndi Geoffrey T. Fong. Tikuvomereza ndemanga zochokera kwa Cynthia Callard, Madokotala a Canada Yopanda Utsi; Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; ndi Francis Thompson, HealthBridge pa zolembedwa za lipotili. Mapangidwe azithunzi ndi mawonekedwe adaperekedwa ndi Sonya Lyon wa Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Chifukwa cha Brigitte Meloche popereka ntchito zomasulira Chifalansa; ndi Nadia Martin, ITC Project yowunikira ndikusintha Chifalansa. Ndalama za lipotili zidaperekedwa ndi Makonzedwe a Health Canada's Substance Use and Addictions (SUAP) #2021-HQ-000058. Malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa pano sakuyimira malingaliro a Health Canada.
ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey inathandizidwa ndi ndalama zochokera ku US National Cancer Institute (P01 CA200512), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FDN-148477), ndi National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (APP 1106451) .
Ulamuliro wonyamula katundu wa fodya (womwe umadziwikanso kuti mapaketi okhazikika) waperekedwa pansi pa Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (TVPA) 4, yomwe inali ndi zosintha zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pa Meyi 23, 2018 ngati malamulo ochepetsera kulemedwa kwakukulu kwa imfa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi fodya ku Canada. ZopandaCanadakunyamula nduduikufuna kuchepetsa kukopa kwa fodya ndipo idakhazikitsidwa pansi pa Malamulo a Fodya a 2019 (Mawonekedwe Owoneka Ndi Okhazikika)5 ngati imodzi mwamalamulo ozama kuti athandizire kufikitsa cholinga cha fodya wosakwana 5% pofika 2035 motsogozedwa ndi Canada Tobacco Strategy.
Malamulowa amagwira ntchito pakupakira zinthu zonse zafodya, kuphatikiza ndudu zopangidwa, kulungani zinthu zanu (fodya wotayirira, machubu ndi mapepala ogudubuza oti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi fodya), ndudu ndi ndudu zazing'ono, fodya wapaipi, fodya wopanda utsi, ndi zinthu zafodya wotenthedwa.
4 Kuyikapo ndudu, ndudu zazing'ono, zopangira fodya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida, ndi zinthu zina zonse za fodya zinayamba kugwira ntchito pagulu la opanga/otumiza kunja pa Novembara 9, 2019, ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwa masiku 90 kuti ogulitsa fodya azitsatira pofika pa February 7, 2020. Zachidziwikire, zonyamula katundu pa Novembara 9 / 2020 zidayamba kukakamiza opanga ndudu pa Novembara 9, 2020. 2020, ndi nthawi yosinthira masiku 180 kuti ogulitsa fodya azitsatira pofika Meyi 8, 2021.5, 8
Canada kunyamula ndudumalamulo amatchulidwa kuti ndi ochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akukhazikitsa zitsanzo zingapo zapadziko lonse lapansi (onani Bokosi 1). Mapaketi onse afodya ayenera kukhala amtundu wa bulauni wokhazikika, wopanda mawonekedwe apadera komanso owoneka bwino, ndikuwonetsa zolemba zovomerezeka pamalo, mawonekedwe, mtundu, ndi kukula kwake. kukhala ndi chizindikiro chilichonse; ndipo kumapeto kwenikweni kwa fyuluta kuyenera kukhala kosalala ndipo sikungakhale ndi zopuma.Canada kunyamula nduduidzasinthidwa kukhala masilayidi ndi zipolopolo pamlingo wopanga/olowetsa kunja kuyambira pa Novembara 9, 2021 (ogulitsa ali ndi mpaka February 7, 2022 kuti atsatire), motero kuletsa mapaketi okhala ndi kutsegulidwa kwapamwamba. Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa ma slide ndi zipolopolo zolongedza bwinoCanada kunyamula ndudu pomwe uthenga wazaumoyo umawululidwa kumbuyo kwa phukusi lamkati pomwe paketi imatsegulidwa. Canada ndi dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi kufuna kuyika ma slide ndi zipolopolo NDIPO inali yoyamba kufuna mauthenga azaumoyo mkati.
Canadakunyamula ndudumalamulo ndi amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi komanso oyamba ku:
• Letsani kugwiritsa ntchito zofotokozera zamitundu mumitundu yonse ndi mayina osiyanasiyana
• Pamafunika slide ndi zipolopolo mtundu wa ndudu
• Pamafunika drab bulauni mtundu mkati mwa phukusi
• Letsani kusuta fodya kuposa 85mm
• Letsani ndudu zazing'ono zosakwana 7.65mm m'mimba mwake
Zitsanzo zapadziko lonse lapansi zokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo aku Canada onyamula katundu
Dziko la Canada silinakhazikitse machenjezo atsopano ndi akuluakulu a zaumoyo (PHWs) pamapaketi a ndudu motsatira malamulo ongoyikapo, monga momwe mayiko ena kuphatikiza Australia, United Kingdom, France, ndi New Zealand amafunira. Komabe,Paketi ya ndudu yaku Canadamachenjezo (75% ya kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo) adzakhala lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse mu mawu a okwana pamwamba m'dera pamene kuvomerezedwa slide ndi chipolopolo mtundu ayamba kugwira ntchito mu November 2021. Health Canada akumaliza ndondomeko kukhazikitsa machenjezo angapo a thanzi latsopano machenjezo kwa fodya amene adzafunika atembenuza patapita nthawi yodziwika.9 Chithunzi 2 akupereka nthawi yopita ku ITC ku Canada kunyamula ndi kunyamula zinthu zinayi. Kafukufuku, omwe amapereka zambiri za lipotili.
Lipotili likupereka deta yochokera ku ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey isanayambe komanso itatha kulongedza zinthu zomveka bwino kukhazikitsidwa pamlingo wamalonda pa February 7, 2020. The ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey, yomwe ili mbali ya ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, yomwe inachitikanso mofanana ndi kafukufuku wamagulu a anthu akuluakulu, ku United States, ku United States ndi ku United States. ma vapers otengedwa kuchokera ku mapanelo apadziko lonse lapansi m'dziko lililonse. Kafukufuku wapaintaneti wa mphindi 45 adaphatikizanso mafunso omwe anali ofunikira pakuwunika kwapang'onopang'ono, omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ITC Project kuwunika ma CD osavuta ku Australia, England, New Zealand, ndi France. Kafukufuku wa ITC Canada Smoking and Vaping Survey adachitika pakati pa zitsanzo zoyimira dziko lonse za osuta achikulire 4600 omwe adamaliza kafukufukuyu mu 2018 (asananyamuke), 2020 (pambuyo pa kulongedza bwino), kapena zaka zonse ziwiri. Deta yotalikirapo yochokera ku Canada imafananizidwa ndi zomwe zidachokera kumayiko ena awiri a ITC (Australia ndi United States nthawi yofananira) pomwe kafukufukuyu adachitika mu nthawi yofananira. malamulo olongedza fodya ndi zofunikira pakusintha kwa ma PHWs (onani Gulu 1).i Makhalidwe a omwe adafunsidwa mu kafukufuku ku Canada, Australia, ndi United States akufotokozedwa mwachidule mu Table 2. Lipotili likuperekanso kufananitsa kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana pamiyeso yosankhidwa ya zotsatira za ndondomeko ku Canada ndi mayiko ena 25 a ITC.ii
Tsatanetsatane wa zitsanzo ndi njira zofufuzira m'dziko lililonse zafotokozedwa mu ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
malipoti aukadaulo, omwe akupezeka pa:https://itcproject.org/methods/
ITC Project idasindikizapo kale malipoti okhudza kuyika kwapang'onopang'ono ku New Zealand18 ndi England19. Mapepala asayansi amtsogolo a ITC apereka kuwunika kowonjezereka kwazomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi ma CD osavuta ku Canada ndi maiko ena, komanso kufananiza kwa mfundo zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi mayiko onse a ITC omwe agwiritsa ntchito bwino.Canadakunyamula ndudu.Kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa ku Canada m'mapepala asayansi omwe akubwera ndi zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa m'chikalatachi ndi chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zosinthira ziwerengero, koma sizisintha ndondomeko yonse ya zomwe zapeza.ii.
Zotsatira za 2020 zaku Canada zomwe zaperekedwa paziwerengero zamayiko osiyanasiyana zitha kusiyana pang'ono ndi zotsatira za 2020 paziwerengero zautali zomwe zaperekedwa mu lipotili chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa njira zosinthira ziwerengero pamtundu uliwonse wa kusanthula.iii
Pa nthawi yowunikira ku Canada, mapaketi ang'onoang'ono ogulitsa anali owoneka bwino, okhala ndi mawonekedwe a slide ndi zipolopolo zopezeka pamtundu wocheperako Chimodzi mwazolinga zazikulu zamapaketi osavuta ndikuchepetsa kukopa ndi kukopa kwa fodya.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana wasonyeza mosalekeza kuti mapaketi a ndudu wamba sakonda kwambiri osuta kuposa mapaketi odziwika.12-16
Kafukufuku wa ITC adawonetsa kuti pakhala chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha osuta ku Canada omwe adapeza kuti paketi ya ndudu "yosasangalatsa nkomwe" pambuyo pokhazikitsa Canadakunyamula ndudu.Kuchepa kwakukulu kwa pempholi kunali kosiyana ndi maiko ena awiri ofananitsa - Australia ndi US - kumene kunalibe kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha osuta omwe anapeza paketi yawo ya ndudu "yosasangalatsa konse".
Panali chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha osuta omwe adati sakonda mawonekedwe a paketi yawo ya ndudu atakhazikitsidwa ku Canada (kuchokera 29% mu 2018 mpaka 45% mu 2020). Kukopa kwa paketi kunali kotsika kwambiri ku Australia (komwe kuyika zinthu mosakhazikika kudakhazikitsidwa kuphatikiza ma PHW akulu mu 2012), opitilira magawo awiri mwa atatu a osuta adanenanso kuti sanakonde mawonekedwe a paketi yawo mu 2018 (71%) ndi 2020 (69%). Mosiyana ndi izi, kuchuluka kwa osuta omwe adanena kuti samakonda mawonekedwe a paketi yawo akhalabe otsika ku US (9% mu 2018 ndi 12% mu 2020), komwe machenjezo amangolemba chabe komanso kuyika zinthu zonse sikunachitike (onani Chithunzi 3).
Zotsatirazi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zapezedwa kale za ITC Project zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa osuta omwe sanakonde mawonekedwe a paketi yawo pambuyo pakulongedza bwino kunachitika ku Australia (kuchokera ku 44% mu 2012 mpaka 82% mu 2013)17, New Zealand (kuchokera ku 50% mu 2016-17 mpaka 2016% ku 2016% ndi 75% ku England) 2016 mpaka 53% mu 2018).19
Zomwe zapezedwa pano zikuwonjezeranso umboni kuchokera ku maphunziro omwe adasindikizidwa omwe akuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kukopa kwa paketi pambuyo pokhazikitsa ma PHW akuluakulu ku Australia20, 21 komanso zotsatira zabwino zaCanadakunyamula ndudupochepetsa kukopa kwa paketi mopitilira apo kuwonjezera kukula kwa ma PHW ku England.22
Kafukufuku wina waposachedwa wowunika momwe ma CD amapangidwira ku United Kingdom ndi Norway pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira za ITC zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zimapereka umboni winanso kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwapang'onopang'ono ndi ma PHW akuluakulu kumapangitsa kuti chenjezo likhale lolimba komanso logwira mtima kuposa zomwe zingatheke pokhazikitsa zinthu popanda kusintha machenjezo azaumoyo. Asanakhazikitsidwe kulongedza kwathunthu, maiko onsewa anali ndi machenjezo ofanana azaumoyo pamapaketi a ndudu (43% chenjezo lolemba kutsogolo, 53% PHW kumbuyo).
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulongedza kwathunthu pamodzi ndi ma PHW akuluakulu (65% a kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo) ku United Kingdom, panali chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha osuta omwe amazindikira, kuwerenga, ndi kulingalira za machenjezo, kuganiza za kuopsa kwa thanzi la kusuta, kupeŵa, kusiya kusuta, komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wosiya chifukwa cha machenjezo.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, panali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuzindikira, kuwerenga, ndi kuyang'anitsitsa machenjezo, kuganiza za kuopsa kwa thanzi la kusuta fodya, komanso kukhala ndi mwayi wosiya chifukwa cha machenjezo pakati pa anthu osuta fodya ku Norway, kumene kulongedza bwino kunagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kusintha kwa machenjezo a zaumoyo.Canada kunyamula ndudukumawonjezera kuchita bwino kwa machenjezo akuluakulu azithunzi, koma sikungawonjezere mphamvu ya machenjezo akale / zithunzi
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-15-2024